UMEHLUKO PHAKATHI KUKA-BK, GBK, BKS, NBK KUSTEEL.

UMEHLUKO PHAKATHI KUKA-BK, GBK, BKS, NBK KUSTEEL.

ABSTRACT:

I-Annealing kanye nokwejwayelekile kwensimbi yizinqubo ezimbili ezijwayelekile zokwelapha ukushisa.
Inhloso yokuqala yokwelashwa kokushisa: ukuqeda ezinye iziphambeko ezindaweni ezingenalutho kanye nemikhiqizo eseqediwe kancane, futhi kulungiselelwe inhlangano ukusebenza kwamakhaza okulandelayo kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa kokugcina.
Inhloso yokugcina yokwelapha ukushisa: ukuthola ukusebenza okudingekayo kwe-workpiece.
Inhloso ye-annealing kanye nokujwayelekile ukuqeda ukukhubazeka okuthile okubangelwa ukucubungula okushisayo kwensimbi, noma ukulungiselela ukusika okulandelayo kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa kokugcina.

 Ukwakhiwa kwensimbi:
1. Umqondo: Inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa yokushisisa izingxenye zensimbi ezingeni lokushisa elifanele (ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi kwe-Ac1), ukuyigcina isikhathi esithile, bese ukupholisa kancane kancane ukuze kutholwe isakhiwo esiseduze nokulingana kubizwa ngokuthi i-annealing.
2. Inhloso:
(1) Yehlisa ubulukhuni futhi uthuthukise ipulasitiki
(2) Cwenga okusanhlamvu futhi ususe amaphutha esakhiwo
(3) Susa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi
(4) Lungiselela inhlangano ukuze icime
Uhlobo: (Ngokuya ngezinga lokushisa lokushisisa, lingahlukaniswa libe i-annealing ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elibalulekile (Ac1 noma Ac3). Olokuqala lubizwa nangokuthi ukuguqulwa kwesigaba kabusha kwe-annealing, okuhlanganisa ukuhushula okuphelele, ukuhunyushwa kwe-annealing homogenization, ukukhishwa okungaphelele, kanye i-spheroidizing annealing; Lokhu kokugcina kuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa kabusha i-recrystallization annealing kanye nokunciphisa ingcindezi.)

•  I-annealing ephelele(GBK+A) :

1) Umqondo: Shisisa insimbi ye-hypoeutectoid (Wc=0.3%~0.6%) ibe yi-AC3+(30~50)℃, futhi ngemva kokuba isiqinisekisiwe ngokuphelele, ukugcinwa kokushisa nokupholisa kancane (okulandela isithando somlilo, ukumbelwa esihlabathini, umcako), Inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa ukuze kutholwe isakhiwo esiseduze nesimo sokulingana kubizwa ngokuthi i-annealing ephelele.I-2) Injongo: Hlanza okusanhlamvu, ukwakheka okufanayo, ukuqeda ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi, ukunciphisa ubulukhuni, nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokusika.
2) Inqubo: ukupholisa okuphelele nokupholisa kancane ngesithando somlilo kungaqinisekisa ukuna kwe-proeutectoid ferrite kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-austenite epholile kakhulu ibe yi-pearlite ebangeni lokushisa eliyinhloko elingaphansi kwe-Ar1.Isikhathi sokubamba se-workpiece ekushiseni kwe-annealing akwenzi nje kuphela ukuthi i-workpiece ivuthe, okungukuthi, umnyombo womsebenzi ufinyelela izinga lokushisa elidingekayo lokushisa, kodwa futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi yonke i-austenite ye-homogenized ibonakala ukuze izuze ukuvuselelwa okuphelele.Isikhathi sokubamba se-annealing ephelele sihlobene nezici ezifana nokubunjwa kwensimbi, ukujiya kwezingcezu zokusebenza, umthamo wokulayisha isithando somlilo kanye nendlela yokulayisha isithando somlilo.Emkhiqizweni wangempela, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhiqiza, ukuthungatha nokupholisa kuze kufike ku-600 ℃ kungaba ngaphandle kwesithando somlilo kanye nokupholisa umoya.
Ububanzi bokusebenza: ukubunjwa, ukushisela, ukubumba nokugingqika kwensimbi ye-carbon steel kanye ne-medium carbon alloy steel, njll. Qaphela: Insimbi ephansi ye-carbon steel kanye ne-hypereutectoid steel akumele ikhishwe ngokugcwele.Ukuqina kwensimbi ye-carbon steel kuphansi ngemva kokukhishwa ngokugcwele, okungahambisani nokusika ukucutshungulwa.Lapho insimbi ye-hypereutectoid ishiselwa ku-austenite state ngenhla kwe-Accm futhi ipholiswe kancane kancane futhi ifakwe, inethiwekhi ye-cementite yesibili iyancipha, enciphisa kakhulu amandla, ipulasitiki kanye nokuqina komthelela wensimbi.

• I-Spheroidizing annealing:

1) Umqondo: Inqubo yokuhlanganisa ukuze i-spheroidize carbides ngensimbi ibizwa ngokuthi i-spheroidizing annealing.
2) Inqubo: Inqubo evamile yokuhlanganisa i-spheroidizing Ac1+(10~20)℃ ipholiswe ngesithando somlilo ibe ngu-500~600℃ ngokupholisa komoya.
3) Inhloso: ukunciphisa ubulukhuni, ukuthuthukisa inhlangano, ukuthuthukisa ipulasitiki nokusebenza kokusika.
4) Ububanzi besicelo: ikakhulukazi esetshenziselwa ukusika amathuluzi, amathuluzi okulinganisa, isikhunta, njll. yensimbi ye-eutectoid nensimbi ye-hypereutectoid.Lapho insimbi ye-hypereutectoid inenethiwekhi ye-cementite yesibili, ayinakho kuphela ubulukhuni obuphezulu futhi kunzima ukwenza ukusika, kodwa futhi yandisa i-brittleness yensimbi, ejwayele ukucisha ukuguqulwa nokuqhekeka.Ngalesi sizathu, inqubo ye-spheroidizing annealing kumele yengezwe ngemva kokusebenza okushisayo kwensimbi ukuze i-spheroidize i-flake ingene kusimende ne-pearlite ehlanganisiwe ukuze kutholwe i-granular pearlite.
Izinga lokupholisa kanye nezinga lokushisa le-isothermal nakho kuzothinta umphumela we-carbide spheroidization.Izinga lokupholisa okusheshayo noma izinga lokushisa eliphansi le-isothermal lizokwenza ukuthi i-pearlite yakheke ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi.Izinhlayiya ze-carbide zihle kakhulu futhi umphumela wokuhlanganisa mncane, okwenza kube lula ukwakha ama-carbides angenalutho.Ngenxa yalokho, ubulukhuni buphezulu.Uma izinga lokupholisa lihamba kancane kakhulu noma izinga lokushisa le-isothermal liphezulu kakhulu, izinhlayiya ze-carbide ezibunjiwe zizoba ngamaholo futhi umphumela we-agglomeration uzoba namandla kakhulu.Kulula ukwenza ama-carbides ayimbudumbudu anogqinsi oluhlukahlukene futhi enze ubulukhuni bube buphansi.

•  I-Homogenization annealing (i-diffusion annealing):

1) Inqubo: Inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa yokushisisa ama-ingots ensimbi ye-alloy noma ukusakaza ku-150~00℃ ngaphezulu kwe-Ac3, ibambe u-10~15h bese ipholisa kancane ukuze kuqedwe ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okungalingani.
I-2) Injongo: Susa ukuhlukaniswa kwe-dendrite ngesikhathi se-crystallization futhi wenze i-homogenize ukwakheka.Ngenxa yokushisa okuphezulu kokushisa kanye nesikhathi eside, okusanhlamvu kwe-austenite kuzokwehliswa kakhulu.Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukwenza i-annealing ephelele noma ukujwayelekile ukuze kucwengwe okusanhlamvu futhi kuqedwe amaphutha okushisa ngokweqile.
3) Ububanzi besicelo: ikakhulukazi esetshenziselwa ingots yensimbi ye-alloy, castings kanye ne-forgings enezidingo zekhwalithi ephezulu.
4) Qaphela: Ukushisa okuphezulu kokusakazwa kwe-annealing kunomjikelezo omude wokukhiqiza, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu, i-oxidation ebucayi kanye nokususwa kwe-workpiece, kanye nezindleko eziphezulu.Kuphela izinsimbi ze-alloy zekhwalithi ephezulu nezinsimbi zensimbi ye-alloy nezinsimbi zensimbi ezinokuhlukaniswa okunzima zisebenzisa le nqubo.Ngokulingisa okunosayizi abajwayelekile abancane noma i-carbon steel castings, ngenxa yezinga labo elilula lokuhlukanisa, ukucwiliswa okuphelele kungasetshenziswa ukucwenga okusanhlamvu nokuqeda ingcindezi yokuphonsa.

• Ukunciphisa ingcindezi

1) Umqondo: Ukuhlanganisa ukususa ingcindezi ebangelwa ukucutshungulwa kwe-plastic deformation, i-welding, njll. kanye nokucindezeleka okusele ekubunjweni kubizwa ngokuthi i-stress relief annealing.(Akukho ukuhlanekezela okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokunciphisa ingcindezi)
2) Inqubo: shisisa kancane i-workpiece ibe ngu-100 ~ 200 ℃ (500 ~ 600 ℃) ngaphansi kwe-Ac1 bese uyigcina isikhathi esithile (1~3h), bese uyipholisa kancane ibe ngu-200 ℃ ngesithando somlilo, bese upholisa. iphume esithandweni.
Insimbi ngokuvamile ingu-500℃ 600℃
I-cast iron ngokuvamile idlula amabhakede angu-550 ku-500-550 ℃, okuzokwenza kalula i-graphitization ye-pearlite.Izingxenye zokushisela ngokuvamile zingu-500℃ 600℃.
3) Ububanzi bokusebenza: Khipha ingcindezi eyinsalela ku-cast, i-forged, izingxenye ezishiselwe, izingxenye ezibandayo ezinesitembu kanye nemishini yokusebenza ngomshini ukuze kuqiniswe usayizi wezingxenye zensimbi, ukunciphisa ukuwohloka nokuvimbela ukuqhekeka.

Normalizing of steel:
1. Umqondo: ukushisa insimbi ibe ngu-30-50 ° C ngaphezu kwe-Ac3 (noma i-Accm) futhi uyibambe isikhathi esifanele;inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa yokupholisa emoyeni onganyakazi ibizwa ngokuthi i-normalizing of steel.
2. Injongo: Cwenga okusanhlamvu, ukwakheka okufanayo, lungisa ubulukhuni, njll.
3. Inhlangano: Eutectoid steel S, hypoeutectoid steel F+S, hypereutectoid steel Fe3CⅡ+S
4. Inqubo: Isikhathi sokugcina ukushisa esijwayelekile siyefana nokuqeda ngokuphelele.Kufanele kusekelwe ku-workpiece ngokusebenzisa ukushisa, okungukuthi, ingqikithi ifinyelela izinga lokushisa lokushisa elidingekayo, futhi izici ezifana nensimbi, isakhiwo sokuqala, umthamo wesithando somlilo kanye nemishini yokushisa kufanele futhi icatshangelwe.Indlela yokupholisa evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ukukhipha insimbi esithandweni sokushisa bese uyipholisa ngokwemvelo emoyeni.Ezingxenyeni ezinkulu, ukuvuthela, ukufutha nokulungisa ibanga lokupakisha lezingxenye zensimbi nakho kungasetshenziswa ukulawula izinga lokupholisa lezingxenye zensimbi ukuze kuzuzwe inhlangano edingekayo nokusebenza.

5. Ibanga lesicelo:

• 1) Thuthukisa ukusebenza kokusika kwensimbi.Insimbi ye-carbon steel ne-low-alloy steel enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni engaphansi kuka-0.25% inobunzima obuphansi ngemva kokuhushulwa, futhi kulula "ukunamathela" ngesikhathi sokusika.Ngokwelashwa okujwayelekile, i-ferrite yamahhala ingancishiswa futhi i-flake pearlite ingatholakala.Ukwandisa ubulukhuni kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kwensimbi, kwandise impilo yethuluzi kanye nokuqedwa kwendawo yokusebenza.
• 2) Susa amaphutha okucubungula okushisayo.Ukusaswa kwensimbi yesakhiwo esinekhabhoni emaphakathi, ama-forging, izingxenye ezigoqayo nezingxenye ezishiselwe kujwayele ukuba namaphutha okushisa ngokweqile kanye nezakhiwo ezinamabhande ezifana nezinhlamvu ezimahhadla ngemuva kokushisisa.Ngokusebenzisa ukwelashwa okujwayelekile, lezi zakhiwo ezinesici zingaqedwa, futhi inhloso yokulungiswa okusanhlamvu, isakhiwo esifanayo kanye nokuqedwa kokucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kungafinyelelwa.
• I-3) Susa ama-carbides enethiwekhi yensimbi ye-hypereutectoid, usize ukukhishwa kwe-spheroidizing.Insimbi ye-Hypereutectoid kufanele i-spheroidized futhi ifakwe ngaphambi kokucisha ukuze kube lula ukukhanda nokulungisa isakhiwo sokucisha.Kodwa-ke, uma kukhona ama-carbides enethiwekhi abalulekile ensimbi ye-hypereutectoid, umphumela omuhle we-spheroidizing ngeke utholakale.I-net carbide ingaqedwa ngokwelashwa okujwayelekile.
• 4) Thuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini yezingxenye ezivamile zesakhiwo.Ezinye izingxenye zensimbi ye-carbon steel ne-alloy steel ezinengcindezi encane kanye nezidingo eziphansi zokusebenza zijwayeleke ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza okuthile okubanzi kwemishini, okungangena esikhundleni sokwelashwa kokucisha nokushisa njengokwelashwa kokugcina kokushisa kwezingxenye.

Ukukhetha annealing kanye normalizing
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-annealing kanye nokujwayelekile:
1. Izinga lokupholisa le-normalization lishesha kancane kunokukhipha i-anneal, futhi izinga lokupholisa kancane likhulu.
2. Isakhiwo esitholwe ngemva kokujwayelekile sicolekile, futhi amandla nobulukhuni buphakeme kunalobo bokukhipha i-annealing.Ukukhetha i-annealing kanye ne-normalizing:

• Ngensimbi enekhabhoni ephansi enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni <0.25%, i-normalization ivamise ukusetshenziswa esikhundleni sokudonsa.Ngoba izinga lokupholisa elisheshayo lingavimbela insimbi enekhabhoni ephansi ukuthi ingawisi usimende wezinga eliphezulu wamahhala eduze komngcele wokusanhlamvu, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ukusebenza kokuguquka okubandayo kwezingxenye zokugxiviza;ukujwayelekile kungathuthukisa ubulukhuni bensimbi nokusebenza kokusika kwensimbi ephansi ye-carbon;Enkambweni yokwelapha ukushisa, ukujwayela kungasetshenziswa ukucwenga okusanhlamvu nokuthuthukisa amandla ensimbi ephansi ye-carbon.
• Insimbi enekhabhoni emaphakathi enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni phakathi kuka-0.25 no-0.5% nayo ingashintshwa ibe yejwayelekile esikhundleni sokushuthwa.Nakuba ubulukhuni bensimbi yensimbi ye-carbon eseduze nomkhawulo ophezulu wokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni buphakeme ngemva kokujwayelekile, kusenganqunywa kanye nezindleko zokujwayelekile ukukhiqiza okuphansi nokuphezulu.
• Insimbi enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephakathi kuka-0.5 no-0.75%, ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwekhabhoni, ubulukhuni ngemuva kokujwayelekile buphakeme kakhulu kunokwe-annealing, futhi kunzima ukusika.Ngakho-ke, i-anealing egcwele ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ubulukhuni nokuthuthukisa ukusika.Ukuqhubekela phambili.
• Izinsimbi zekhabhoni ephezulu noma izinsimbi zamathuluzi ezinokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni> 0.75% ngokuvamile zisebenzisa i-spheroidizing annealing njengokwelashwa kokushisa kokuqala.Uma kukhona inethiwekhi ye-cementite yesibili, kufanele ibe yinto evamile kuqala.

Umthombo:Imibhalo yobungcweti bemishini.

Umhleli: Ali